Social Media - Pr practice modernised Dissertation

Internet based life - Pr practice modernized - Dissertation Example As this happens, there is likewise an issue of how viable the utilization of web-based social networking and advertising are on the web. Analyzing how clients interface and the distinction it makes with deals and relationship building is one of the fundamental inquiries. This exploration paper will inspect the mechanics of relationship working through web based life and with online entries. There will be an issue of how this progressions purchaser observation just as potential open doors for organizations that are building an online nearness. In particular, this exploration study will give knowledge into the significance of web based life and PR as a component for organizations. ... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦34 4.0 Results and Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35 5.0 Significance of the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...39 5.1 Limitations of the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.40 5.2 Future Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..42 6.0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...43 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..44 Appendix A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦48 Appendix B†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦49 List of tables and figures Image 1: Social Hierarchy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Image 2: Random and Scale Free Network†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......14 Image 3: Corporate Social Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 Image 4: Social Media Networks and Giant Component WOM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...22 1.0 Introduction The utilization of web-based social networking is proceeding to develop as a pattern among organizations. The individuals who have a site or physical business are currently utilizing online life as a piece of the jargon vital for characterizing what is required for a powerful showcasing plan. The developing pattern is one that is presently making an issue of where this fits into the advancement blend. Most advertisers are taking a gander at online life as an essential segm ent of finding new clients and getting the message out about one’s

What is Competition Free Content (According to CoSchedule)

What is Competition Free Content (According to ) Content advertising is serious, swarmed, and jumbled. Everybody is tearing for the equivalent people’s consideration, however there’s just such a great amount to go around. At long last, the individuals who discover their opposition free substance specialty will win out. Things being what they are, what's going on here? Look at the video, where I clarify. Rivalry free substance is tied in with heating up the standard of separation into your substance showcasing procedure. The standard springboards from a business idea I gained from a book called, Blue Ocean Strategy. In the book, writers W. Chan Kim and Renã ©e Mauborgne portray the two distinct seas in business: a red sea and a blue sea. The red sea is bleeding with rivalry. In these waters, you’re contending with numerous organizations for similar clients by means of similar strategies. Everyone’s asking for consideration in existing markets. Development turns out to be moderate, if not through and through stale. This is a fierce situation for advertisers, and one a large portion of us work in today. It’s an ocean of high rivalry, low separation. Difference that image of the red sea with a blue sea. These are clear, rivalry free waters. It’s a spot where interesting methodologies stand apart on the grounds that nobody else can contend. Truth be told, finding the blue sea renders rivalry unessential. The outrageous upside is that you can catch new request by accomplishing your best work since you swim in your own waters. Customary substance showcasing is much the same as swimming in the red sea. It’s loaded up with clamor, whipping, and wild rivalry. Everyone’s asking for the equivalent audience’s consideration and they’re doing likewise things to get it. They’re essentially attempting to swim quicker than the rest. This is the thing that gives us a market grisly with rivalry and yielding stale development. You will locate your blue sea through sans â€Å"competition content.† It’s the initial phase in the 10x Marketing Formula in light of the fact that, without it, even the best substance faces unavoidable losses. Rivalry free substance is content that increases the value of your clients and crowd that no one but you can create. It’s content that stands apart through theme, structure, or media type. Also, it renders rivalry unimportant in light of the fact that this is uncontested space. A Blue Ocean In Higher Education This is the place you make stuff that sticks out while being significant and important. Here’s a selection from my up and coming bookâ that portrays what it resembles in nature: At the point when the American Civil War finished on May 9, 1865, the nation entered the period of Reconstruction. A great part of the U. S. was wrecked; including the economy. In any case, a significant move was occurring: development from a principally farming economy to an industrialized one. Peirce College benefited from this move. The school was established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to help returning warriors change into the rising mechanical economy. They required instruction and preparing that was both viable and moderate. What's more, that’s what Peirce conveyed, selecting 550 studentsâ in its first year. Over the coming decades, be that as it may, Peirce moved its concentration from veterans to the conventional 18-year-old understudy. By the late 1980s, Peirce College was stepping water in an ocean of comparable schools. They were basically another school offering indistinguishable things to similar individuals from every other person. At that point came Arthur J. Lendo in 1991, Peirce’s new president. Lendo drove the school back to its attention on a gathering of potential understudies with barely any other options. Instead of paw for the consideration of customary understudies, the school rotated to an emphasis on grown-up students, military work force, and planned remote understudies. To contact this crowd, they started offering four year certification programs in three settings: nearby, on location in various urban areas, and on the web. Never again was their non-customary crowd constrained to associate’s degrees from junior colleges. Presently they got the opportunity of procuring a four-year degree. In the principal year, they beat online enlistment estimates by 300 percent. What's more, after some time, by and large enlistment about significantly increased. Outstandingly, the normal age of a Peirce understudy rose from around 21 to mid-30s. Instructions to Find Your Competition-Free Content Niche In Three Steps Peirce College’s story is an incredible representation for how advertisers can situate themselves today. All in all, how might you discover your opposition free substance specialty? To discover your opposition free substance specialty, start with this three-section structure: look, investigate, and plan. It’s the straightforward trifecta anybody can do, paying little heed to spending plan or time imperatives. Take a gander At The Competition The initial step is to watch your rivals by reviewing the scene and analyzing what sort of substance they’re making. It is safe to say that they are running advertisements like insane on TV, radio, announcements, and other conventional channels? Is it accurate to say that they are working computerized edges like Facebook promotions, giveaway challenges, video, or email showcasing? Do they have connected with crowds on web journals or social channels like Pinterest, Instagram, or Twitter? This progression is tied in with investigating the market and diagnosing techniques and strategies like a researcher. You ought to ask: what substance reverberates most, and least, with your optimal clients? This is the place you can begin to discover the breaks and roads into making rivalry free substance. Research Their Content In the wake of following your serious scene, it’s time to make a beeline for Google for some straightforward research past channels and into content. You’ll scan for terms identified with your items and take a gander at the main ten indexed lists. You’re searching for two principle things: What is steady about their substance? What most unmistakably sticks out? Answer addresses like: How long is my competitor’s content? What number of pictures doe they use? Do they utilize solid invitations to take action? What are the nature of their client tributes? Are there item deals pulling in heaps of consideration broadly, territorially, and locally? By posing inquiries like these, you can investigate the substance scene. Truth be told, you can even make a spreadsheet to monitor these information focuses for a significant level perspective on what every other person is making. Indeed, even this degree of basic research will make finding your opposition free substance specialty far simpler than basic mystery. Plan Your Competition-Free Content Since you have examined the substance and strategies your opposition is utilizing, you can make her opposition free substance procedure. (Otherwise known as: The pleasant part.) In any case, rivalry free substance isn’t basically making content that’s distinctive it’s about making content that’s unique and that your group can execute well. The way to finding that specialty is posing and noting these inquiries. What’s in it for our clients? This inquiry, about the others, ought to be your essential guide. At last, the strategies you use won’t matter to your clients. They don’t care on the off chance that they discover significant substance from you or from elsewhere. They care about the message and how it straightforwardly benefits them.This is regularly called a â€Å"What’s in it for me?† (WIIFM) statement. You need a convincing response to this inquiry that you can impart clearly.Additionally, notice I said â€Å"customers† and not just â€Å"audience.† It’s essential to remember your paying and most productive clients. Your opposition free substance specialty isn't just intended to construct an after. Its sole intention is to drive development and yield positive money related outcomes. To draw in a greater amount of your brand’s perfect clients, you should concentrate on making and imparting esteem explicitly custom fitted to them. What is our group great at? Understanding what your group can show improvement over any other individual is significant at this stage. You’re searching for something that’s both extraordinary and that you can execute well. What are our rivals doing that’s comparable? Next, what examples is the business falling into that resemble your team’s qualities? These are chances to upset them and stick out. They’re likewise guardrails to stay away from red-sea rivalry. Are there individuals in your client base or crowd your substance underserves? Next, there might be client and crowd sections key to development you aren’t serving admirably. You’re analyzing two portions: who is now a client, and who is following your image on the web. On the off chance that there are basic clients or possibilities your substance is dismissing, this is an enormous chance to course right. What has your group made as of now that you’re glad for? At long last, are there things you’re glad for in light of the fact that they’ve functioned admirably and you can extraordinarily make at a tip top level? These are things you realize your group can reliably execute well. These stages are the speediest way to finding your opposition free substance specialty. Their capacity is the particular lucidity they bring to both your qualities and the opposition you face. Begin On Your 10x Marketing Formula Journey In the event that you need to accomplish 10x development, yet you don’t need to hold up until my book turns out in mid 2018, you can begin at this moment. For nothing. Get in on the early access listâ for selective substance like thought-pioneer interviews more pre-distribution knowledge into the equation. access to our private 10x advertising LinkedIn gathering. also, the main part of the book sent directly to you. See you on the opposite side!

Views of Abdul Hamid II on politics and religion

When Abdul took over force, the European nations had just affected the Ottoman Empire with secularization occurring in numerous areas of the region including legislative issues and culture of the individuals. Be that as it may, he quickly abrogated the western culture by upholding for all Muslims and in any event, for non-Muslims to go along with them into one Islamic state.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Views of Abdul Hamid II on legislative issues and religion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More He had aggressive destinations by joining the Muslims since he had intended to them and the religion to empower him increase political powers particularly over the European powers, for example, Russia. For example, Abdul stressed on neutralization of Russia’s endeavors to impact the Balkans to liberate themselves from the Ottoman realm and join Christianity. Be that as it may, his endeavors flopped the same number of Balkans were lost to the Eur opeans. He despised the Europeans and their Christianity to such an extent that he gave the Muslim heads more powers with the goal that they can have the option to guarantee the Muslim populace from the Europeans. Affected by Abdul, the unconverted Muslims turned out to be increasingly hesitant to join Christianity yet rather bolstered Abdul in his political exercises. The nearness of the European countries in the domain turned into a main impetus for Pan-Islamism making it hard for the Europeans to secularize the region. In any case, the king later assumed control over the situation of Caliph as he was so resolved to counter the secularization procedure in his realm. This allowed him the chance to recapture the forces of the Muslim heads that had been lost because of the changes that had occurred before he took over force. Unmistakably king Abdul disdained secularism n that is the reason he prepared all Muslims against it not exclusively to recover their way of life yet in addition to pick up prominence politically particularly in the European countries. Relations among Abdul and the European powers The relations between the Ottoman Empire and most European countries was not all that simple but instead stressed particularly between France, Russia and UK. As he would like to think, Abdul requested that his domain be treated as having equivalent forces with these European countries particularly because of its high quantities of Muslims contrasted with Christians. Despite the fact that the ruler saw his realm as current, the Europeans consistently considered the to be as being graceless. Be that as it may, Abdul had an alternate assessment of the Germans as he saw them as potential partners to his domain. Abdul accordingly built up a decent connection with the Germans as his realm facilitated various German political pioneers a few times and a few Germans were utilized to help in revamping of the domain also with the vast majority of them being allocated to rear range the fund part of the domain. This made him to doubt his own one of a kind clergymen and other political pioneers as then again, he advanced German’s companions particularly with the development of railroads to permit availability of the realm and offering credits to the Germans to begin working in the Ottoman Empire. As this companionship proceeded and heightened, Abdul went to the limits of giving Germans the Baghdad railroad which they had continually desired.Advertising Looking for paper on asian? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consequence of Abdul’s activities towards Germans was the event of World War I which was encouraged by the availability of the railroad being referred to. Regardless of the way that the domain had aligned with German during the war, they were vanquished and this turned into the reason for the empire’s fall during which time it disassembled (Chouinard, 2009, p. 1). Abdu l’s clashes with the Armenians Ever since king Abdul took over force, he generally had low assessments of the Armenians as he depicted them as being from a lesser area which had been blamed for some off-base doings. Under Abdul’s rule, the Armenians couldn't practice their privileges like the other Ottoman regular folks and this drove a few Armenians particularly the individuals who were living in Europe and Russia to shape affiliation intended to battle for the privilege of their siblings back at home. Abdul even recruited a military to manage the Armenians in the manner they needed to including slaughtering them. He additionally utilized his authorities to persecute the Armenians particularly in tax collection rates. Be that as it may, the Armenians were effective in their battle against the sultan’s system which saw Abdul required to consent to an arrangement intended to end the mistreatment towards the Armenians. Regardless of every one of these endeavors by the Armenians, the consented to arrangement was, be that as it may, never executed and this made the Armenians accumulate to demand for its usage however ruler Abdul couldn't permit them so he sent Ottoman police to scatter the group. Not long after this, the Armenian killings happened where countless Armenians were murdered. As the empire’s king, Abdul II didn't invest amounts of energy to attempt to stop the slaughter and this inability to make a move towards such humankind just as his assessment towards the Armenians made him an essential suspect in requesting the killings in spite of the fact that there was no demonstrate that he did. This made Abdul show up as a perilous professional killer to the Europeans just as a wicked ruler to the Armenians. Changes in the Ottoman Empire during Abdul’s decide Despite the way that secularization by the European had just happened when Abdul took over force as the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, he had the option to get back the forces that the Muslim chiefs had before the modernization. Nonetheless, through his changes, he annihilated the realms money related status leaving no open funds in the treasury something that the Europeans had improved to improve things. Accordingly, national obligations expanded radically and this constrained him to look for help from outsiders so as to settle the obligations. With time, the empire’s money related records were offered over to the outsiders who had enormous security partakes in the empire’s revenue.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Views of Abdul Hamid II on governmental issues and religion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abdul could be supposed to be egotistical on the grounds that during his progression as the ruler, he arrived at a point where he diminished the forces of his priests to low levels, for example, secretary positions and took the organization of the Ottoman Empire all to himself so he could co ntrol the each part of the domain. Thus, general differences inside the domain expanded particularly with the Armenians and Greeks who lived in the Empire not happy with Abdul’s rule and choices. Because of his longing to have authority over the realm and to acquire another constitution made him free trust in the supporters of changes on the Ottoman naval force and he wound up securing the biggest armada in the Ottoman domain something which caused his region to lose its regions abroad during his time as the ruler as well as even a while later. Fundamentally, the economy just as the public activity of the Ottoman individuals was decimated during Abdul II’s rule as the king of the domain (Ahmed, 2010, p. 1). Reference List Ahmed, N. (2010). Ruler Abdul Hamid II. Recovered from https://historyofislam.com/substance/opposition and-change/king abdul-hamid-ii/Chouinard, A. (2009). A reaction to Tanzimat: Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Pan-Islamism. Recovered from http://www.inqui riesjournal.com/articles/252/a-reaction to-tanzimat-king abdul-hamid-ii-and-dish islamism This article on Views of Abdul Hamid II on governmental issues and religion was composed and put together by client Keith Ashley to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

The Media Impact on Youth Violence Essay Example for Free

The Media Impact on Youth Violence Essay At the point when we were youngsters, there were just thirteen stations on TV, just one house telephone, there was no phones and no PC yet a typewriter in the house. We played outside, hopscotch, hop rope and stickball. Was not permit to watch primetime Television including the news, we was told its was for adults. My, how times change from that point to now, wherever you turn you approach a type of news source, TV with more than hundreds directs in each language, nearly everybody has a brilliant PDAs, hand held computer games, PCs are made convenient as workstations, tablets and iPads. Also every web-based social networking you can consider, Facebook, twitter, Instagram, Myspace, etc. In this day and age the media resembles a twofold edge blade and has been accused for various of society’s defeats including youth viciousness, that has gotten probably the biggest conversation in America. The news source have been charged for beginning road contentions among rap craftsman, youth murders, weapon brutality in schools and road gangs’ wars. Despite the fact that society shouldn’t be considered responsible for the conduct of youth individuals, the media expands brutality conduct in light of the accessibility of media access and absence of parental control on the media. Youth savagery can begin at an early age and proceed onto pre-adulthood and youthful adulthood. This conduct can be destructive to the young include in the brutality or the person in question. Youth brutality is characterize in the CDC report, harassing, slapping, hitting, and making physical and substantial damage someone else with or without weapons. Wildly, youth savagery is clearing across United States turning into the second biggest enemy of youth (Prevention, 2012) ages 15 to 24. As indicated by the ongoing investigation done by the CDC, â€Å"Understanding Youth Violence† (2012): â€Å"4,828 youngsters matured 10 to 24 were survivors of homicideâ€an normal of 13 each dayâ€in 2010.1† â€Å"Over 707,000 youngsters matured 10 to 24 years had physical attack wounds treated in U.S. crisis divisions in 2011â€an normal of 1,938 each day.1† â€Å"In a 2011 across the nation study, about 33% of secondary school understudies revealed being in a physical battle in the a year prior to the survey.† â€Å"About 5% of secondary school understudies in 2011 detailed taking a weapon to class in the 30 days before the survey.† â€Å"In 2011, 20% of secondary school understudies announced being harassed on school property and 16% revealed being tormented electronically.† â€Å"Each year, youth crimes and attack related wounds bring about an expected $16 billion in consolidated clinical and work misfortune costs.† â€Å" Understanding Youth Violence† (2012): Before, the two well known rap specialists were casualties of viciousness that prompted their killings in view of purposeful publicity that produced fund in the music media and taken genuine by the listening crowd, which was for the most part youth and youthful grown-ups. The two casualties were Christopher â€Å"Biggie Smalls† Wallace and Tupac Shakur. These craftsmen lived two coast separated. Tupac was from the West Coast and Christopher was from the East Coast, which transformed into a â€Å"East Coast and West Coast Beef.† As we remove the vial of truth, of how this began the primary concern is group related. These craftsmen utilized the music media as a hotspot for their own turf war. Music, a weapon for the war to fuel the deception and speaks to their packs, â€Å"Bloods and Crips.† Street groups are the reaction to coordinate impedances and circuitous variables. Individuals respond contrastingly to groups; the vast majority are trying to claim ignorance or in stun (Justice, 1999). Posses are the urban response to the network attempting to take care of a financial and segment issue that they think, can be illuminated with savagery. Their people group is in a state where youngsters grow up with no dad and look for male direction from the pack head that in their eyes appear the appropriate response since he has cash, and regarded in the boulevards; this is the thing that kids in the urban network believes is the lifestyle, cash, force, and regard. Behind this idea, viciousness is by all accounts the response to all issues. As, expressed over the media would take this financial issue and call it â€Å"Black on Black Crime† and make it seem as though the individuals are simply killing one another and the media once in a while extol what's more, make the packs resemble the thing to be on the grounds that the road credit the media made for the individual/s is widespread. As of late, school the nation over in rural America has been face with the expansion in school viciousness. Let us take a gander at the ongoing school shooting in Sandy Hook Elementary, CT, a network that was not influence by the downtown segment, for example, devastate neighborhoods, however are not strong to the social and open media as this awful news became a web sensation all through the wireless transmissions. Digital tormenting likewise has become a wellspring of youth savagery, through the Internet, and cellphones, youngsters has discovered approaches to hurt their friends by sending threating messages, posting gossipy tidbits and badgering messages on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Digital harassing can cause uneasiness, discouragement, and been connection to suicides. Youngsters has discovered this new stage in the media to mortify there companions and force passionate brutality on another (Prevention C. f., 2012). My child was survivor of digital tormenting that was additionally pack related. Facebook was as the medium to incite and do activities that brought about my child being shot. He was deceived electronically, which caused him to respond with words in a rap and the counter-response brought about weapon savagery. The media can be fault for the expansion in youth brutality particularly, living in the present digital upheaval, with prepared accessible wifi and news readily available. It hard to shut out and remain oblivious to the viciousness in our general surroundings, children’s kid's shows, motion pictures, computer games and music recordings has become the amusement for immaturity and youthful grown-ups, with activity battles, forceful conduct, and foul language which essentially co-sign the exciting scene brimming with worthy awful conduct. The savagery in the media has in light of the fact that a tremendous amusement business, from Monday Night Raw on digital TV to Assassin’s Creed, one of the best ten smash hit computer game. The computer games industry in the previous decade just has gotten one of the biggest piece of world media outlet. The numbers let us know in earning more than twenty something billion dollars in 2011 in American deals alone, which clarify that this industry is one of the key player in media amusement condition. From the principal arrival of Atari, game framework in the right off the bat in the mid-70s to Nintendo Wii, Sony PlayStations, and Microsoft Xbox, computer games has unquestionably progressed significantly. The family amusement spending appear more than 40% of American families has a gaming framework and in light of the wrong and viciousness content, for example, shooting, murders, burglary and battling. A few specialists like David Welsh accepts that computer games can be terrible for kids' wellbeing expanding the pulse and circulatory strain in youngsters who go through over eight hours per week on the game console.{The effect of Media on Children and Teens}. Just as expanding forceful conduct among youth, for instance the ongoing story in Washington in the media, around a fourteen-year-old kid shooting his folks, since they removed his computer games. Most guardians today drudge to locate a reasonable harmony between keeping up, and remaining in front of the youngsters' diversion plan with an ever-developing universes of innovation and media this has gotten very troublesome. With gadgets like cell phones and computer game comfort that can get to the Internet like a PCs, and with the consistent accessibility to media, guardians are face with the battle of not know whether their youngsters is being presented to suitable substance. This twenty first century has gotten more hard to bring up a kid than the nineteen century, in those days society was about up bring, respectability and regard. The present society has however out yesterday's worth and is center around what sells, foulness, obscenity, sexuality and savagery brings in cash and that’s the primary concern. This new society, most guardians are single and exhausted, coming up short on the asset of childcare, are power to utilize the media as a 24 hours sitter. We do necessities to shield our kids from the cash hungry media that is mislead our kids to the detriment of filling their pockets, by setting cutoff points of TV, gaming and not give a kids a mobile phone until they are developed and capable enough to utilize it, yet how might we be without being in two places on the double. In ends as the media sway on youth brutality will keep on being a continuous conversation in America, regardless of whether it's absence of parent prevalent or the media has no thought and has no regard for society. We confided in the media for a considerable length of time and have carried them into our lounges to engage and a few cases teach our families. Essentially, because of advancement they have missed the mark concerning that obligation, the consistent changing innovation of electronic devices and the staggering access to the media by means of the overall web offering course to interpersonal organizations, computer games and digital harassing and boundless access to motion pictures. With this new age society, we have overlooked how to bring up our own kids and left them in the hands of innovation. Just as myself, have been blameworthy of giving my little child the iPad to keep her comfortable. On the off chance that we keep on relying upon innovation to bring up our youngsters, not investing that one-on-one energy that is required, our kids would not have any social aptitudes and a need sympathy for other people, which; prompts activities without considering rationale results, which isn't found out on TV an

Discount Rate Changes Impacting On Stock Market Return - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER 1 Stock market plays an important role in the economic development of a country. Stock exchange performance has attained significant role in global economics and financial markets, due to their impact on corporate finance and economic activity. For instance stock exchanges enable firms to acquire capital quickly, due to the ease with which securities are traded. Stock exchange activity, thus, plays an important role in helping to determine the effects of macroeconomic activities. Stock market returns are the returns that the investors generate out of the stock market; it can be in the form of dividends or profits, as a company gets its dividends and profits in the form of their share holders in the secondary market. Well there is a definite change in the market as with the behavior changes with the discount rate, changes can be technical or non-technical. Technical changes refers to the internal changes and non-technical as external changes which are mostly related to the behavior and response of the customers and consumers. Equity returns also measured by the industrial index respond rather rapidly to the unexpected announcements of discount rate changes. Not only affecting equity returns, the unexpected discount rate changes also contribute to higher market volatility. An unexpected discount rate change also induces trading which is mor e supportive of the contention that public information causes price changes with trading. Increased trading volume due to unexpected public information, however, occurs only in the current period. Whenever, the market is not efficient, stock prices adjust to new information slowly and it is possible to generate abnormal profits. Financial market volatility is important for investors confidence, for port-folio selection, and for the pricing of both primary and derivative securities. Market volatility is not related to existing public information such as expected discount rate change announcements. Karachi Stock Exchange 100 IndexÂÂ  (KSE-100 Index) is aÂÂ  stock indexÂÂ  acting as a standard to compare prices on theÂÂ  Karachi Stock ExchangeÂÂ  (KSE) over a period of time. In formative representative companies to calculate the index on, companies with the maximumÂÂ  market capitalizationÂÂ  are selected. On the other hand, to ensure maximum marke t representation, the company with the maximum market capitalization from each sector is also incorporated.. 1.2 Problem Statement To study the impact of discount rate changes on stock market return 1.3 Research Hypothesis: The expected discount rate change announcements have impact on stock market return. 1.4 Outline of the Study The aim of the study is to observe Impact of Discount rate Changes on Stock Market Return. This Study is observing on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). TheÂÂ  Karachi Stock ExchangeÂÂ  is aÂÂ  stock exchangeÂÂ  situated inÂÂ  Karachi,ÂÂ  Pakistan, established on 18 September, 1947 it started with 5 companies with a capital of Rs. 37 million. It is Pakistans biggest and oldest stock exchange, with a lot of Pakistani as well as overseas listings. Its present premises are placed on Stock Exchange Road, in the heart of Karachis Business District. KSE starts with a 50 shares index. As the market develops a representative index was needed. In poor political condition, social issues, financial and other problems, KSE played a very important role in the financial system of Pakistan. KSE 100-index showed a return of 40.19% and became the sixth best markets in the year 2007. It gets a biggest milestone by touching of KSE-100 Index level of 15,000 for the foremost ti me in the history of Karachi stock exchange on 20 April, 2008. On the other hand, the raise of 7.4 percent in 2008 build-up the best performer in all the emerging market. The KSE 100TM Index closed at 9645 points on 19 June, 2010. Although by 30th July total market capitalisation of the KSE reached Rs2.95 trillion, approximately around 35 billion dollars CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW As it can be figured out by the models of stock market and about the interest rates, value of share in the stock market, maturity of the bonds with short run and long run and the value of the capital as well as the factor of production, All these things influence a great deal towards the changes as well as the demand and supply model. Equilibrium is also there, which is basically an intersection, the point where the quantity of supply equal to the quantity demands. Output and interest rates plays a bigger role in the discount changes, as from the different policies, laws and models have been mentioned in the previous studies. If prices are fixed country can never faced inflation because of the nominal and real rates. Output depends on the stock market and fiscal policy (Blume, 1994). The stock market is the ratio of steady-state profit to the steady-state interest rate. If the money increases in the market the steady-state effects are quite clear, Output and stock market are hig her in the equilibrium. The higher money stock lowers the real interest rate and thus the cost of capital. This was all about a monetary expansion under fixed price. We find that in the pre-79 period, there was no securities market response to either technical or nontechnical changes, while in the post-79 period there was no response to technical changes (Hardouvelis and Gikas, 1987). Discount rate changes will affect market rate and equity returns if such changes brings information about either short- or long- run monetary policy objectives. So an in increase in the discount will definitely help to attract more and more people towards the policy, and there will be a huge amount of change in the customers and clients response towards it. As a result, current (spot) and expected short-term rates rise in reaction to reduced short-run money growth. Long-term rates and forward rates may also increase to reflect the higher expected short-term rates. It doesnt have much impact over the long-term rates as it has on short-term rates just because the monetary policy and consumers response (Maberly, 1992). Short term rates makes more people attractive and kind of working well for the secondary markets, so mostly they all rely on the short-term rates, as they prefer short-term rates than long-term rates. And short-term is the one which affect a great deal. The impact of discount rate changes on equity prices can operate through two possible channels. This is most readily seen by viewing the value of the firm as the present value of its future net cash flows. To some extent discount rate increases (decreases) result in increases (decreases) in interest rates. It has also based on the capital or investment as well, capital can fall or rise just because of the stock prices, stock prices has an ultimate effect on capital and economic activity can be disturbed too, that also can be altered due to this price change. If the capitalization rates and cash flow expectation a re affected by discount rate changes, these effects will also work in the same direction. From previous studies we have an idea that stock prices declines to be associated with discount rate increases (Ederington and Lee, 1993). Considering the New York stock exchange, the stock return data are the daily percentage return on the New York Stock Exchange value-weighted index and is denoted SP. The interest rate data are for constant maturity Treasury securities and include eight different maturities: 90-, 180-, and 360-day bills and three-, five-, seven-, ten-, and twenty-year bonds. These rates are obtained from DRI, who compile them from the Federal Reserve Board Statistical Release from DRI. These eight interests are used to calculate seven forward rates in addition to the 90-day bill rate. The stock price coefficient for the post-79 period suggests a 1 percent increase (decrease) in the discount rate will result in a decline (increase) of 1.06 percent in stock prices. A similar finding in reported for the interest rate data. Only one interest rate series evidences a significant market reaction in the pre-79 period, while six of the eight interest rates indicate a significant market response over the post-79 period (Gerety, and Mulherin, 1992). Although the early researches result indicates that the real issue is whether the observed announcement effect, regardless of the monetary policy regime, indicates market inefficiency. In classification of the discount rate changes from the previous discussion we have evaluated that to assess properly the announcement effects of discount rate changes, it is necessary to distinguish technical from nontechnical changes. There are several short comings with this approach that limit its usefulness in predicting discount rate changes and cast substantial doubt on the assumption of discount rate erogeneity (Lee and Bong, 1992). Researches rely on two different methods to classify discount rate changes. The best mode l, both in terms of in-sample fit and prediction of actual discount rate changes, related changes in the discount rate (measured in basis points) to the spread between the Fed Funds rate and the discount rate. Nonetheless, if the model incorporates the relevant information set, then by construction the forecast and optimal predictions based on available information and, therefore, rational. Through the study of different modules we came on to know in conclusion that the purpose of this has been to reconcile previous findings of both an endogenous discount rate and discount rate announcement effects with market efficiency (Harris, 1986). By classifying discount rate changes as either technical or non-technical, and recognizing that the latter are (at least) partially endogenous, it is argued that, within the framework of market efficiency, the discount rate can fail tests of statistical erogeneity and still exhibit announcement effects. The empirical evidence of this paper support s this view and suggests that previous studies were missing specified by not controlling for the purpose of discount rate change. The evidence also implies that the common assumption contained in virtually all theoretical and empirical macroeconomic models, that the discount rate is either purely endogenous or purely exogenous, is inappropriate. This also specifies market only react when there appears to be a shift in policy- in the discount rate. At least from this standpoint, one cannot rule out the discount rate as a useful tool of monetary policy. Eventually, our results support the existence of efficient markets based on the dual findings that only nontechnical changes are characterized by announcement effects and that virtually the entire market adjustments occurs by the end of the announcement day (Jones, 1994). From previous studies the issue of monetary neutrality has long been debated by financial economists. There was evidence been brought in to the market which says t hat increases in the growth rate of money raises stock returns? Monetary policy affects the real economy, and whether its effects are quantitatively important, remain open questions. These questions by examining the effects of monetary policy innovations on stock return data. Theory posits that stock prices equal the expected present value of future net cash flows. To examine the relationship between monetary policy and stock returns, a variety of empirical techniques are employed. The size portfolios are useful for investigating why monetary policy matters, if in fact it does. If monetary policy has real effects, one reason for this could be that it affects firms balance sheets. To investigate whether monetary policy affects size and industry portfolios, both impulse responses and innovation accounting methods are used. All the results in table one to four measures the effects of monetary policy shocks on nominal stock returns. In considering the question of monetary neutrality, we are interested in whether monetary policy affects real stock returns. Thus rather than complicate the analysis by considering the best way to measure expected inflation we focus on results using nominal returns. Through the different systems results reported are robust to minor changes in the specification. When total reserves are dropped, employment growth or unemployment is used instead of industrial production growth, the non stationary variables are first-differenced, and the number of lags is changed (Marshall and David, 1992). There was another approach to identifying monetary shocks is Data and Methodology which is been made to the use of Federal Reserve statements and other historical documents over the period to identify exogenous changes in monetary policy and the responses of real variables. This narrative approach has recently employed to assemble a much larger sample of monetary policy shocks. An alternative way is used to test whether monetary policy affects stock returns (Morse, 1981). A growing number of papers in both the economics and finance literature focus on the effect of economic news on asset returns. Nonetheless, there seems a wide gap between these two literatures. These elements of surprise in one particular type of news announcements of short-term interest rate decisions made by the Open Market Committee affect the volatility of the stock market in the short term. Relationship between monetary policy and daily stock market volatility from two vantage points: days around regularly scheduled meetings of the stock market committee, the main monetary policy making body and days of actual policy decisions involving the target level of the federal funds rate (Fama and Kenneth, 1995). Turning to the days of actual policy decisions regardless of whether they were announced on regularly scheduled meetings days. Some evidence was found that such decisions tend to boost volatility in the stock market. The effect of policy decisions i s greatest that exclude those decisions that were fully anticipated by market. Besides identifying monetary policy announcements as an important source of short-run volatility in the stock market, this will also addresses broader issues in the finance literature. In particular, higher interest rates induce higher leverage ratios, which in turn increase the risk associated with holding stocks and the volatility of stock returns (Patell and Wolfson, 1984). In examining the relationship between the stock market and fiscal policy, all models combined two different approaches widely used in the monetary economics and finance literature. In particular, in analyzing the markets response to scheduled and unscheduled announcements, a potentially interesting issue is whether the corresponding impulse response functions for volatility are significantly different. Other issues that also merit further consideration include a closer look at the relationship between first- and second- moment re sponses to policy news and the explicit analysis of risk premiums around announcements days (Penman, 1987). From all these models and theories, have come to know that anything that happens in the secondary market, it does have an impact over the entire economy as we have gone through from the different examples across the world. Even if it is pre-announcement, monetary policy or whatever, stock market does change its state according to the circumstances and events. Pre-announcements are also made as precautions that are for safety announcements for the share holders of the companies. Due to this they can easily draw their amount and will not have to see further more difficulties. Unpredictability or volatility is always there in the market, when the investors just to keep on guessing for the right time to invest and stock holders wait for the right time to buy shares of the companies and all this process makes things more complicated especially for the investors and then it effec ts the stock market. Monetary policy on the other hand takes things more attractive for the investors and share holders that they believe their money is in safe place so they would love to invest as long as they are sure about the monetary policy (Stoll and Whaley, 1990). Policies are always made for the betterment of the people who are your clients or customers as per organization requirements, it also refers to the trust that how much they trust on their policies that people could come and invest. Banks do the same thing; the only thing they sell is trust, because as many people trust on you as they will go on to be their customers. Many of the sources indicate that there is a connection between news and stock prices, finance literature highlights that too. The finance literature focus on economic announcements per se, without controlling for the element of surprise in such announcements, might help to explain why so many studies have failed to find a significant link between m arket volatility and economic news. Either by implicitly assuming that the conditional volatility of stock returns is time invariant or by simply leaving its time-varying nature unspecified, monetary economists have failed to consider a potentially significant effect of policy surprises on the short-run behavior of the market (Wood and McInish, 1985). Equity returns also measured by the industrial index respond rather rapidly to the unexpected announcements of discount rate changes. Not only affecting equity returns, the unexpected discount rate changes also contribute to higher market volatility. An unexpected discount rate change also induces trading which is more supportive of the contention that public information causes price changes with trading. Increased trading volume due to unexpected public information, however, occurs only in the current period. Whenever, the market is not efficient, stock prices adjust to new information slowly and it is possible to generate abnormal profits. Financial market volatility is important for investors confidence, for port-folio selection, and for the pricing of both primary and derivative securities. Market volatility is not related to existing public information such as expected discount rate change announcements (Richard Roll and Stephen Ross, 1986). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter explains the methodology used for the research study. The main research data set is used in this paper consist of KSE 100 index listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. It is the data for last ten years 2000 to 2010 for every monetary policy has been announced Data would be collected through the website and business recorder website. This chapter also discusses the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of research for the factors associated with the Impact of Discount rate Changes on Stock Market Return. 3.1 Method of data collection: The secondary data which was used in this research was available on the website of Karachi Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2010. 3.2 Sample size and Sampling Technique: In this research, data from the year 2000 to 2010 has been taken as a sample size. The data collected through Karachi Stock Market and State Bank of Pakistan 3.3 Instrument of Data Collection: This research was carried out through Secondary Data. 3.4 Statistical tool used: In order to measure the relationship between the variables stock market return and discount rate and impact of discount rate change on stock market return, Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the two variables CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Hypothesis Testing Ho: The expected discount rate changes announcements have impact on stock market return. Table 4.1 From the above Durbin Watson value, it has been clarified that there was an existence of auto correlation in the data set. In order to resolve the issue we have generated the lag variables of the dependent variable up to the level 2. Table 4.2 Form the above table we can observe the value of the Adjusted R Square is .934 or 93.4%. It means that 1 unit change in the set of independent variables brings out the 93.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. With the inclusion of the lag variables in the data set, the problem auto correlation has been resolved. The Durbin Watson value mentioned in the above table is 1.964 closer to 2. Value closer to 2 means that there is no auto correlation exists in the data set. Table 4.3 From the above table we can observe that the significant value of the above ANOVAs test model 2 is less that 0.05. It means that the data is suitable for the application of regression model. Table 4.4 The above table shows the coefficient value of the analysis. As it can be observed that, the significant value of the discount rate is less than 0.05 it means that the change in discount rate has a significant impact on the stock therefore; the Null hypothesis is not rejected. At 95% confidence interval level the significant value of alpha/constant is 0.000 it means that the in the absence of all the variables the minimum return of the KSE is equal to the alpha value. The Beta value of lag 1 is 5376.550 it means that the today returns from the stock market is dependent on the stock market returns after the announcement of last monetary policy. For e.g. if the current stock return are equal to 1 the stock returns after the announcement of the next monetary policy is 5376.550 times of the current stock returns. The relationship of the lag 2 stock returns is vice versa of the lag 1 stock returns. It has a negative relationship with the current stock returns. Graph 4.1 The above diagram shows the trend of the KSE index and the change in discount rates for the last 10 years in the country. On a whole an upward trend has been observed in the KSE 100 index it is due to the increase in the FDI investments as well as the development in the financial sectors. The change in the discount rate shows overall a mix trend, we can observe a huge peaks and valleys in the graph. In our research, we have not found any significant relationship among the announcement of change in discount rate and stock returns. Some of these factors are political situation of the country, foreign direct investments, Law and order situation and most importantly exchange rate. Collectively, all these factors are contributing in the stock returns. However, change in the discount rate do impact the stock returns but, not in the short run, in the long run the chances are quite high that it does impact on the stock returns in Karachi Stock market. The reason behind the Long term affect is that, the change in the discount rate affects the profitability of the companies in the next coming quarters so, immediately the affect in the stock returns are not massive that are in the long run. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary The hypotheses of this research study are based on variables like stock market return and discount rate intraday. The significant value is less than 0.05 It means that the data is suitable for the application of regression model. S.NO. Hypotheses T SIG. RESULT H1 the expected discount rate changes announcement have impact on stock market return. 11.991 .000 Accepted CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion As anticipated, expected discount rate changes, representing existing public information, have no impact on the trading volume for the current period nor does for any other periods. Public information also induces trading only in the current period but not in the future periods. More trading has occurred during the decreasing discount rate periods than the increasing discount rate periods as evidenced by the significant parameter. 5.2 Discussion This research shows that the change in the discount rate shows overall a mix trend, it can be observed a huge peaks and valleys in the graph. In this research there was no significant relationship found among the announcement of change in discount rate and stock returns. The reason behind this is, other than monetary policy there are lots of other factors that are contributing towards the stock returns in Karachi stock market. Some of these factors are political situation of the country, foreign direct investments, Law and order situation and most importantly exchange rate. Collectively, all these factors are contributing in the stock returns. However, change in the discount rate do impact the stock returns but, not in the short run, in the long run the chances are quite high that it does impact on the stock returns in Karachi Stock market. The reason behind the Long term affect is that, the change in the discount rate affects the profitability of the companies in the next coming q uarters so, immediately the affect in the stock returns are not massive that are in the long run. In this research it has been identified more accurately that if and when the stock market responds to the release of the discount rate change information. More importantly, studying the market volatility and trading volume sheds additional light on the information literature. Equity returns respond negatively and significantly to the unexpected announcements of discount rate changes, while the expected changes generally have no bearing on the equity returns. 5.3 Implementations For practical implementation, this research can be used to analyze the impact of Discount rate Changes on Stock Market Return as The effect of discount rate changes on stock market returns. Equity returns generally respond negatively and significantly to the unexpected announcements; however, the effect of expected changes on equity returns is insignificant. Abnormal trading volume occurs only in period. 5.4 Recommendations Pre-announcement, monetary policy or whatever, stock market does change its state according to the circumstances and events. Pre-announcements are also made as precautions that are for safety announcements for the share holders of the companies. Due to this they can easily draw their amount and will not have to see further more difficulties. Unpredictability or volatility is always there in the market, when the investors just to keep on guessing for the right time to invest and stock holders wait for the right time to buy shares of the companies nd all this process makes things more complicated especially for the investors and then it effects the stock market. CHAPTER 6 REFERNCES Blume, L, 1994, Market statistics and technical analysis, the role of volume. Journal of Finance, 49, 153-181. Ederington, L.H and Lee, J.H, 1993, How markets process information, News releases and volatility, Journal of Finance, 48, 1161-1191. Fama and Kenneth, 1995, Size and book-to-market factors in earnings and returns, Journal of Finance, 50, 131-156. Gerety, M.S and Mulherin, H.J, 1992, Trading halts and market activity, An analysis of volume at the open and the close, Journal of Finance, 47, 1765-1784. Harris, L, 1986, A transaction data study of weekly and intradaily patterns in stock returns, Journal of Financial Economics, 16, 99-117. Hardouvelis, Gikas, 1987, Reserves announcements and interest rates, Does monetary policy matter? Journal of Finance, 42, 407-422. Lee, Bong-Soo, 1992, Causal relations among stock returns, interest rates, real activity, and inflation, Journal of Finance, 47, 1591-1603. Maberly, E.D, 1992, Odd-lot transactions around the turn of the year, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 27, 591-604. Jones, 1994. Information, trading and volatility, Journal of Financial Economics, 36, 127-154. Morse, D, 1981, Price and trading volume reaction surrounding earnings announcements, A closer examination. Journal of Accounting Research 19, 374-383. Marshall and David, 1992, Inflation and asset returns in a monetary economy, Journal of Finance, 47, 1315-1342. Penman, S.H, 1987, The distribution of earnings news over time and seasonalities in aggregate stock returns, Journal of Financial Economics, 18, 199-228. Patell, J.M and Wolfson, M.A, 1984, The intraday speed of adjustment of stock prices to earnings and dividend announcements, Journal of Financial Economics 13, 223-252. Richard Roll, and Stephen Ross, 1986, Economic forces and the stock market, Journal of Business, 59, 383-403. Stoll and Whaley, 1990, The dynamics of stock index and stock index futures returns, Journal of Financia l and Quantitative Analysis, 25, 441-468. Wood, and McInish, 1985, An investigation of transaction data for NYSE stocks, Journal of Finance 60, 723-739.

Refugees VS European Countries - Free Essay Example

After reading many articles, I have come across many alarming issues going on in North Africa and the Middle East. The fact of the matter is that many citizens come from these places that were once their home towns or villages, yet they are now displaced and are looking for a way out for a better life. Many of these citizens of North Africa and the Middle East are escaping violence, war, hunger and many more factors that are taking a toll on their lives because of the environment surrounding them. As a result, these citizens have turned into refugees who are now fleeing their home towns and villages in order to seek asylum from a number of European countries. As these refugees are trying to escape for a better life, some are welcomed by most European countries, while other countries do not want refugees at all. For example, Lebanon is one of the few european countries who have taken in a lot of refugees. These refugees are mainly Syrians and Palestine refugees. According to an article titled Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2017-2020, the conflict in Syria has affected the social and economic growth of the country, and as a result, they have seeked a response plan in order to rebuild the country and better help the refugees. For instance, the LCRP are working to provide safekeeping, stability and all the needed resources for the refugees as well as their own people. In addition, Lebanon is also trying to rebuild and strengthen the country. Lebanons main focus is to team up with different international and national aids with their provided help and resources in order to strengthen their social and economic growth as well as the countrys environmental stability. Moreover, Lebanon wants to offer the best humanitarian services they can to all of the displaced refugees. While Lebanon is one of the few that will take in refugees, Israel is a country deeply affiliated with the European Union, and so, even though refugees are not welcomed, Israel has a large population of people of european descent. The Prime Minister of Israel is named Benjamin Netanyahu, and he is very anti-refugee. According to the web article The Guardian, a deal was agreed upon between Netanyahu and the United Nations refugee agency which is now being postponed due to Netanyahu wanting to reconsidered the terms of the deal. The original deal was to resettle the displaced African asylum seekers; however, now Netanyahu wants these refugees to leave Israel within three months, or they will face harsh consequences such as prison. Netanyahu states that the people coming into the country are not refugees, but instead they are infiltrators looking for work. We have expelled about 20,000 and now the mission is to get the rest out, Mr Netanyahu said.In conclusion, I feel as though countries should have welcoming arms for refugees because in most cases, these refugees are migrating away from dangerous environments and they often seek help from other countries who can do better by them. What I mean by that is these surrounding countries can offer these refugees with better stability and resources than before. I believe that everyone deserves a chance to do better by themselves or by their families and because they do not have the proper stability or resources to do so, they seek out help in hopes that these countries will take them in and provide them with the needed aid in order to survive. Most of these refugees are stereotyped and discriminated against just because of where they come from. But in fact, these people are trying to escape the hardships and bad environments to do good rather than harm. I would react to these crisis that ref ugees go through with utter disgust. If I possessed the power and resources, I would implement some type of program or organization that would help provide aid and temporary stability for refugees until they got back on their feet.

Importance Behind Corporate Governance For Business Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 675 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction of Corporate Governance. Corporate governance had defined by Cadbury Committee(1992) as the systems by which companies are directed and controlled. It is concerns the relationships among the management, Board, shareholders and other stakeholders. Hence, it is about the way or how the boards oversee the operation of a company by its manager, and the accountability of the board members to the shareholders and company. Good corporate governance plays essential role in underpinning the integrity and efficiency of financial market, and enhances the reputation of the company. 1.2 The Important of Corporate Governance 1.2.1 Key Element to Attract Investors and Enhance Their Confidence Investor Relation (IR) plays an important role in attracting investor confidence and good governance in Malaysian companies  [3]  . Better corporate governance provides investors a timely dissemination of reliable, full and accurate information relates to the company. If OneFamily Berhad has promoted the open disclosure policies, they are able to attract more investors and enhance their confidence in investing in their expansion plans  [4]  . So, the business will have support from its investors and will be more sustainable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Behind Corporate Governance For Business Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1.2.2 Easy to Raise Capital Good corporate governance can raise capital more easily and cheaply in the market where capital is a scarce resource. Since the board is going for listing, they need a high cost of planning and launching an Initial Public Offering (IPO). The process is tedious and need to comply with regulatory requirement. Hence, the process may involve many parties and some of the cost may incur  [1]  . Besides that, OneFamily Berhad also needs capital to fund the expansion plans. If the company adopts good corporate governance, they are able to raise fund easily from the investors. 1.2.3 Prevent Corporate Scandals Much country emphasis on corporate governance is because of the high-profile corporate scandals  [2]  , globalization and increased investor activism. Financial malpractice such as nontransparent of financial statement and gross mismanagement may cause the corporate scandal. Good governance promotes open disclosure policies, timely dissemination of reliable, full and accurate information to all players and accountability. If OneFamily Berhad adopts good corporate governance, they can prevent from the corporate scandals through transparency of financial statement and open disclosure policies and to increase their reputation. 1.2.4 Long Term Sustainability Corporate governance contributes to sustainable economic development of the company. It can be done by enhances the company performance and increase their access to capital outside the company. Well governed company usually outperform other companies and is accountable and transparency to its shareholders and other stakeholders. So, basically they are more sustainable compared to weak corporate governance company. Improve in internal control system will ensure the quality decision making of company. Since OneFamily Berhad decided to diversify their business in other industry, what they need is the long term sustainability of the business and to gain competitive among their investors. 1.2.5 Protect Shareholder Right Corporate governance protects the right of shareholder by enhance disclosure and transparency. It addresses the agency problem throughout a combine of company law, stock exchange listing rules and self-regulatory codes. Since OneFamily Berhad going to be listed in Bursa Malaysia, the director needs to act bona fide and accountable for the success of company and maximizing shareholders wealth as director has owed their duty to company and shareholder. Better corporate governance ensures that shareholders are sufficiently informed on decision concerning fundamental issue. Hence, shareholder right can be protected by transparency of the financial statement and timely and accurate disclosure of information. 1.2.6 Build Reputation and Brand Image Good reputation enhances profitability of the company because it attracts customers to products, investors to securities and employees to its jobs. Besides, company behave ethically and governed in a good manner builds a reputational capital which is competitive advantage. If OneFamily Berhad adopt a good corporate governance, they are able to increase their reputation and brand image of the company. Hence, they able to attract more expertise (employee) work for them in the monkey-breeding farm and animal testing laboratory. On the other hand, good corporate governance also helps them to attract local and foreign pharmaceutical (customer) and public (investor) to fund in the business.

Saving Childrens From Losing Their Innocence in Catcher in the Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 684 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? The catcher in the rye means to save children from losing their innocence. That is what Holden believed that catcher in the rye meant. The main character who is confused and disillusioned searches for truth and rails against the phoniness of the adult world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Saving Childrens From Losing Their Innocence in Catcher in the Rye" essay for you Create order He felt that adult behavior was phony. Holden would fantasize of himself being a hero like a lot of young children do, he would fantasize about saving children playing in a field of rye by keeping the from falling off a cliff and descending into the world of adults. He felt that this world was not a world of growth but was a world of loss disappointment and hypocrisy. This book portrays the large fear of growing up and is unsettling to read. The book is read by mostly teenagers and can be confusing because it goes between adolescence and adulthood and it was assigned to kids in school because of its optimistic ending. Witch was taught to teach adolescent readers that pushing people away is a phase. In the book holden has the mindset of an adult and is quick to become emotional. Holden the main character did not intend for the novel to be seen as his life story. He recalled what happened to him that previous Christmas that is how the story became the basis for his narrative. Holden is actually irresponsible and immature and cannot keep his grads up and ends up falling out of several classes. Holden sees childhood as the ideal state of being and believes that adulthood is full of corrupt people and believes the only way we can win in the adult world is if the cards are stacked in our favor. Children do not think much of appearance but in the adult world n order to be respected you must always, look, think, talk, act and dress your best. In the novel as long as he felt good about himself he did not care what other people think which in todayrs world I dont see where thatrs all together a bad thing. A long time ago men, women and children were expected to do specific things and act certain ways. The father went out and worked he mother stayed home and the children went to school and came straight home. They did chores helped with dinner and other things of that nature. There wasnt much time for play between chores dinner and homework. As the years went on children would move through their childhood with not a care and didnt waste a second enjoying it. Before long parents started pushing children to be more adult like wanting them to figure out what an accomplishments they were looking for in life. They have to start figuring out what career path they want to take, do they want a family maybe go to the service, and their childhood at that point starts fading, they are no longer care free and worry free. A whole new world starts to present its self. Children today are raised a lot different than back then so in some ways itrs hard to pick the book apart and to define its meaning as a whole. Children should be worry free and care free and they should remain innocent and I think thatrs why Holden felt the way he did children should not be forced to grow up any faster than theyre supposed to the should be worry free and be kids as long as they can and Holden had a better perspective of that than most kids his own age. Some parents do have an off the wall mindset when it comes to their children. They push them too hard, sometimes into being something they dont want to be. Children should be given the chance to be children and grow into the people they want to be and do the things they want to do and make their own decisions as they grow up. Not every child wants to follow in their parents footsteps choosing the same profession or same style of clothes or acquiring the same mindset.

Essay on Do Video Games Cause Behavior Problem - 1448 Words

Nicholas Persaud Persaud,1 Business Communication Mr. Osso March 9, 2011 Do Video Games Cause Behavior Problems? Video games do cause aggression. The most games that cause aggression is games rating with M for mature games. About 90 percent of U.S kids from ages 8 to 17 play video games usually show more aggression after play a violent video games. Everyday odds are you are going to have more aggression while playing a violent video game with the Rating M for mature or higher. Even though video games are a big part in teens. Some parents are noticing there teens are getting and having more violent behavior problems. There was a lot of attention to video games and violence because people found out the shooting†¦show more content†¦Over the past 30 years since the breakout of video games people play video games when ever they have free time or nothing to do. And plus with a new generation of games are released the more people waste there lives playing them. Scientist studies kids who play violent video games and kids who dont and they study them to see the outcome of what happened. And they said :play violent video games did have it effect on kids who didn’t play it in there lives†. And they realized only kids who play for the first time is affected the most. Scientist asked parents to watch there kids while they are playing video games. They did this to see if kids who have been playing violent video game for a long time shows aggressive nature. Scientist found out that kids who play Call Of Duty shows more negative behavior. And kids who play PAC Man show less negative aggression. The only difference was the violence. And the parents then noticed violent behavior in there kids. Scientist found out the more a game is violent the more the game cost in stores. They increased it so the people will pay more money for it. And 2 years ago when Grand Theft Auto IV came out a kid who was being bullied went to school the next day and started firing guns. Kids who play shooting games the most are likely to pick up a gun and start shooting. That’s why vi olent video games prices are increasing. Video games will influenceShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Playing Video Games955 Words   |  4 PagesPlaying video game is fun. Past few decade video game becomes very popular. Children spend a lot of time on playing video games. Past decade, the technology of video games has been changed. In the nineties, only few people had video games, quality of graphic was very poor. People bought a separate video game and it should be plugged in on TV. Now, video games technology become more advanced, graphics and audio is high quality like people play the real game. Area of video game became wide, we canRead MoreAre Video Games Changing Us?1388 Words   |  6 PagesAre video games changing us? 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I believe that there are other reasons than video games that cause a child to become disobedient and unrulyRead MoreAre Violent Videogames the Trigger to Extremely Violent Acts?1158 Words   |  5 Pagesmassacre, it was found out that the shooters had spent a lot of time playing viole nt video games. The question that has been asked by many is â€Å"Do violent video games cause violence in real life?† The answer is yes. They do cause violence in real life, but not to the extent publicized. Many different studies and experiments have shown varying results. Most say that violence in video games does cause violent behavior. However, it is too simplistic to create a direct link to violence because of videogames

Injustices The Wrong Human Rights - 1459 Words

Injustices: The Wrong Human Rights In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article one states, â€Å"[that] all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,† (â€Å"The Universal Declaration . . . â€Å"). Although this is written and followed in many countries around the world, there are still countries that do not follow this statement. These countries are the ones where freedom are not given freely. People have to fights for rights that should be automatically given. Goal number sixteen of the United Nations’ global goals for sustainable development specifically targets this issue. Working towards equality and liberties for all citizens that are sharing this planet by reducing violence is a vital part of societal advancement. Without the people of the world, the other goals are not worth fighting for. Some people believe that poverty is the top priority, yet others disagree due to substantial problems that arise in limited and reduced human rig hts, the lack of strong powerful governments in developing countries, and violence in conflict areas. Poverty is a worldwide problem that is quite detrimental to health, however it should not be the first goal accomplished. According to the United States census, fourteen point eight percent of people which equivalent to forty-six million seven hundred thousand citizens that were living in poverty (â€Å"Poverty† About). Despite this percent not being a majority, a very large number of people are affected. These people haveShow MoreRelatedCan Utilitarianism Be Defended Against The Injustice Objection?1361 Words   |  6 Pagesdefended against the Injustice Objection?    In this essay, I will argue that utilitarianism cannot be defended against the injustice objection. 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This means that the rights and wrongs are based upon an individual’s culture so an action considered moral in one society can be immoral in another. Cultural relativism is invalid because it is self-refuting and does not have objective standards. However, cultural relativists argue

Reaction To Othello By By Julius Lester Essay Example For Students

Reaction To Othello By By Julius Lester Essay The novel Othello by Julious Lester is one of the most interesting love stories I have ever read. Iago the greatest villain of all times plays with the red handkerchief to ruin and sometimes determine love for people. Othello loves his red handkerchief and gives it to Desdemona to have as a symbolism of love for them. Desdemona takes the handkerchief and puts it in her blouse. Othello has a headache when he gets home so Desdemona puts the red handkerchief to his head to make him feel better. Othello pushes away her hand and she drops the handkerchief. Later Emily sees the handkerchief and picks it up knowing it is Desdemonas. When Emily goes home Iago sees she has the handkerchief and asks her for it and tell her he will give it to Othello. Iago being the villain that he is takes the handkerchief and puts it next to Michael Casios head. When he wakes he notices the handkerchief and wonders how it got there but he just puts it in his pocket. Michael is waiting in the garden for Desdemona but Instead of Desdemona showing up Belinda shows up. She goes to hug him and she sees the handkerchief, she takes the handkerchief from him and asks him where he got the handkerchief. Michael swears he has no idea how he got it. Belinda takes the handkerchief and puts it next to her bosom. Othello thinks Desdemona is cheating on him so he goes to look for some proof of it. Othello is walking through the courtyard when he sees Belinda with the handkerchief hanging out her shirt. He goes up to her puts his hands around his neck and asks her where she got the handkerchief that belong to his beloved Desdemona. Belinda thinks it was Desdemonas then Michael Casio deserves to get in trouble for it, since he lied to me. Othello thinks to himself that if she got it from Michael Casio then Desdemona must have given it to Michael. He now thinks Desdemona has bean cheating in him. Othello feels that he is weak and he needs the rest of his soul back from Desdemona. He goes back to the house with intention to kill Desdemona. He feels he is doing it for honor. He goes to Desdemona and he tells her to free her self of any sins she might have and then strangles her to death while she is pleading to whom she loves the most not to kill her. Emily comes in and tells the true story to Othe llo. He has no idea what he has done so he feels that if he kills him self he will be freed from sin. See how just one villain can end to innocent loving peoples lives. The red handkerchief symbolizes love. It can end and begin many loving relations between one person and another. Words/ Pages : 509 / 24

Virtue ethics as a resource in business - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Virtue ethics as a resource in business. Answer: Introduction Ethics is the set of moral principles and standards that determine the everyday business decision. The ethical decision of a particular organization affects its business operation and the way it treats its employers, shareholders, customers and community in which it is situated (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The leaders of an organization need to start to behave ethically and morally and set the tone of an ethical business rule. Governance The aim of this report is to discuss and analyze ethical theories in business and its relation to the characters of the leaders by literature reviews. The duties, responsibilities and roles of ethical leaders and the ethical dimension of their actions or decisions have been discussed in this paper. The report will explain the two characters of business leaders named Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom and Bernard Madoff of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities and their duties and ethical dimensions of their decisions or actions by applying appropriate ethical theories. The report will conclude with the responses to the discussions of ethical leadership and its application in the business operations. Discussion of Ethical Theories Ethical theories in business provide the base of the decision-making ability of the business leaders and when they act ethically, in any business operation, they become the moral agents and the other members of the organization follow them and respect their ethical decisions. The ethical theories provide the viewpoints from which an individual leader seeks guidance when he or she makes decisions (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). The decision makers or leaders imply these ethical theories to reach in a set of common goals that the decision-makers pursue to achieve to become successful. Beneficence, respect for autonomy, least harm and justice are some of the goals that the leaders seek (Michaelson et al., 2014). Deontology Cline (2014), has discussed one of the five broad categories of ethical theories in business operations, which include deontology. The business leaders employ the ethical theories as a guidance of decision-making. Using the ethical theories and different strategies of ethical application, the business leaders resolve the ethical dilemma (Bowie, 2017). The theories act as the guidelines for taking most ethical decisions in day-to-day business operation. The authors have broadly discussed the deontological ethical theory and its advantages and disadvantages in the business operations. This theory tells about judging an action based on the rules. In this theory, the rules act as the ethics as rules bind an individual to the duties. In business operations, the leaders need to follow the set of rules and ethics while applying the deontology (Cline, 2014). The leaders should take decisions in any business operation based on the rules or set of obligations where his or her actions or decisi ons are more important than the consequences. A leader who follows deontological theory could produce most unchanging decisions, as his or her decisions would be based on individuals set duties. Craft (2013), has discussed the positive and negative impact of the deontological theory in the workplace. There are many positive impacts of the deontological theory; however, this theory contains flaws. The author has successfully identified the flaws in this theory. There is no logical basis on which an individual leaders duty can be identified. For instance, one businessperson decides that he will always arrive at the office in time; however, what is the logic for this obligation cannot be defined. The major variation of this theory is that the duties or obligations are understood by using the reasons, which is proposed in the Kantian Deontology or common sense proposed by RossianIntuitionist Deontology (Bowie, 2017). Utilitarianism Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald (2014), articulate another perspective of workplace ethics in the Utilitarianism theory. Each of the ethical theories is concerned with a particular perspective on right and wrong and good or bad. The famous proponents of the Utilitarianism theory are J.S Mill and Jeremy Bentham. In contrast to the deontology, it primarily focuses on consequences of a decision or an action. It is based on individuals ability to comprehend these consequences. Utilitarianism is concerned with the maximum amount of benefits for a large number of people and that decide the ethically correct decisions (Shafer-Landau, 2012). The author has described the two divisions of Utilitarianism theory that affects directly for the workplace decision. Utilitarianism focuses on the decision-makers acts, which would benefit the maximum number of people despite societal constraints or personal feelings (Ford Richardson, 2013). On the other hand, the rule of utilitarianism focuses on the fairness of an act. It also works to benefit the maximum amount of people, following the fairest and justified means. Therefore, on the one hand, rule utilitarianism seeks justice and at the same time, it includes benefits to the maximum number of people (Albee 2014). However, leaders who follow utilitarianism theory could face challenges as this is based on the prediction of the choice of the leaders for the maximum number of people. Sometimes the choice might not be matched with the expected outcomes and thus, decision makers appear as unethical. Egoism In contrast with the utilitarianism theory, egoism ethical theory focuses on the personal interest and self-gains. While utilitarianism emphasizes the benefits of the maximum number of people, egoism concerns with the self-interest of a persons consideration. Utilitarianism focuses on maximize the overall pleasure and egoism focus on maximizing the individual pleasure (Broad, 2014). Rachels (2012), has elaborated the egoism ethical theory in business in his book. Following the egoism theory, the leader should choose an action that conduces to his or her self-interest. The famous proponents of the egoism theory are Adam Smith and Ayn Rand. Ethical egoism is a self-centred theory, in which the doer of an action will own the benefits of the consequences of that action. Egoism, which contrasts to that of utilitarianism is agent-focused, that is it provides the subjective point of view of the ethical agent (Broad, 2014). However, on the other hand, utilitarianism is agent-neutral, as it does not treat the selfs or moral agents self-interest, however, it focuses on the well-being and interest of the others. Shafer-Landau (2012), has discussed the effect of ethical egoism in the workplace. When a moral agent or leader chose ethical egoism as the basis of his decision-making, he or she does not make any harm to the well-being and interest of the others, rather he or she focuses greatly on the interest and benefits of himself or herself. The moral agent or ethical leader is not necessarily thinking about the interest and benefits of others. In that sense, he or she is selfish. The effect of the self-interest of an individual could be beneficial, neutral or detrimental to the others based on the actions he or she is doing (Broad, 2014). He or she cannot blame others for making any decision or doing any act. It is the sole responsibility of the moral agent or doer for any action or decision he makes based on the ethical egoism. Care Ethics The care ethics sometimes has been seen as the supplement to the other ethical theories. Waller (2013), have discussed the care ethics broadly and its application in the workplace in his book Consider Ethics: Pearson New International Edition: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. The famous proponents of care ethics are Virginia Held, Carol Gilligan and Michael Slote. It talks about the ethical base of decision-making based on providing care for others. The vulnerable or needy group are in necessity of the care, thus, care ethics concerns for these groups mainly or the groups that need the support. The utilitarianism and care ethics are similar on the ground of valuing the emotions of the other groups (Broad 2014). Following the care ethics theory, the leaders could chose the action or make a decision that supports the other people and nurtures the other persons emotions. Showing care towards the needy people or the people who need care is the basis of care ethics. The centre o f the moral action is creating an interpersonal relationship with the others and showing benevolence or care. The vulnerable groups in consideration are workers, children and women (Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald, 2014). Virtue Ethics Aristotle proposes virtue ethics and it is one of the classical ethical theories, which is based on the socio-cultural construct of ethics. Russell (2013), has shown how the societal and cultural construct affects the individuals to chose what is right or wrong. It focuses on the individuals character as the foundation of the ethical thinking, rather than the laws and rules of the acts, which is the basis of Deontology or the consequences of an action, which is the basis of Utilitarianism (Audi, 2012). The virtue ethics theory analyzes deeply about the individuals character as the social and cultural construction. Ethics of an individual is constructed by the society and an individual decides good or bad based on the societal norms of the ethics. This is the basis of virtue ethics, which is different from other broad categories of the ethical theories such as, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Egoism and Ethics Care. Application of Ethical Theories WorldCom Sandal WorldCom, which is the telecommunication giant, was accused in accounting fraud and for this case, the CEO, Bernie Ebbers was convicted and sentenced to jail for twenty-five years in 2005 (Yallapragada, Roe Toma, 2012). He was accused of violating the ethics in the business operation and charged with eleven billion US dollars (Cronje, 2014). The main reason behind this fraud case was the business strategies taken by the CEO of the company, Bernie Ebbers. Around the 1990s, he took strategies for achieving magnificent growth by acquisitions. In 1988, he adopted merger and acquisition strategy. By this process, the company merged with sixty other small and large companies (Searcey, 2018). On June 25 in 2002, WorldCom admitted inflating incomes by 3.8 billion US Dollars by applying improper accounting of expenses. On June 26, the American government lodged civil charges of fraud against the organization. On June 21, the company declared the bankruptcy (Moepya et al., 2015). The ethical issues include violation of ethical, economic and legal responsibilities and destruction of ethical norms and values. The CEO of the company did not tell the truth, he violated the ethical norms of the business such as truthfulness and honesty (Tran, 2018). He was doing illegal actions. His decision regarding the merger led the company to the greatest bankruptcy in the US. The company had to face challenges due to unethical decision-making policy of the CEO (Yallapragada, Roe Toma, 2012). The unethical action could be described by the violation of the ethical theory such as deontology. In this theory, the ethics of the decision-maker is created by the rules he follows. The set of rules act as the ethical base of the decision-maker. In this case, of WorldCom, the CEO has violated the ethical rules proposed in the corporate ethics (Forbes.com, 2018). He did not follow honesty and legal means of the corporate rule. In his character, the dimension of selfishness or personal benefits of the CEO led to the corruption of the agency could be described by the egoism theory (Searcey, 2018). In this theory, the decision-maker would only concentrate on the self-interest or profits of himself. In case of Ebbers, he has concentrated on his personal gains and profits. He did not think about the long-term benefits of the company or the growth on a long-term basis. Apart from the Deontology and Egoism, he has violated other ethical theories such as Care Ethics or Utilitarianism theory. Ebbers saw the employees of the company as the means of production. He did not consider the employees as the part of the decision-making team. In course of personal gain, the CEO did not think about the well-being and profit of the employees, thus, violating the ethical rules of Utilitarianism and Care Ethics. Eve, the CEO has taken personal loans from the companys finance (Cronje, 2014). Thus, he focused only on the personal interest by unethical means. Madoff investment Scandal Madoff was charged for money laundering case of his company, along with false statements, securities fraud, perjury, trust fraud, wire fraud and theft from the employees benefit plans 9 (Stolowy, 2014). The penalty imposed on him was one fifty years in the federal prison and one seventy billion US Dollars in restitution. He accused in March 2009 (Ragothaman, 2013). His case was one of the biggest fraud cases in US history. Madoff induced thousand of investor to submit their savings and he falsely promised to them that he would provide them with a consistent profit in return. When he was caught, he was accused of eleven fraud cases and several money laundering cases, theft and perjury (Sander, 2013). The ethical issues of the decision-maker, in this case, are related to the violation of Deontology. The chief manager, Madoff of this company violated the basic ethical rules in business. He profited from the benefit plans of the employees of the company (Reuters.com, 2018). The act of gaining benefits from the employees plan has made him as an unethical leader in the company (Theguardian.com, 2018). He has not only violated the ethics of Deontology, rather he has violated Utilitarianism, Care Ethics, Virtue Ethics and even the egoism. Critics could find similarities of his action with the egoism ethical theory, however, in the egoism theory; there is no mention of gaining personal profits by the unethical means. Apart from Deontology, he also violated ethical issues such as Utilitarianism, Egoism, care ethics and virtue ethics. He did not think about his employees in his firm. He used his employees as only the means of production. He even benefitted from his employee's schemes without knowing them. He violated Utilitarianism ethics. He did not think about the benefits or well-being of his employees. He only focused on his own benefits using the unethical means (Economist.com, 2018). He even violated the egoism ethical theory, as he was too self-centred; however, he gained his profit for creating harms to the other people. He used many unethical means. He violated care ethics and virtue ethics too. In care ethics, it is said that the decision-maker should be caring for the vulnerable groups like workers. On the other hand, the decision maker, Madoff was not at all caring towards the workers of his company. He exploited his workers (Wsj.com, 2018). He never thinks about benefits of his workers. Even the investors, from whom Madoff took the money, was being exploited by the decision-maker, Madoff. Madoff said one type of schemes to his investors, on the other hand, he was pocketing a large amount of money for himself from these investors money by falsifying those investors. Madoff has violated even Virtue Ethics. In the Virtue Ethics, it is said that individual is the construct of the society. Applying the theory, Madoff is the construct of the society and societal values. However, it is most unimportant to say and analyze the social context of the Madoff. His guilt cannot be justified by his societal construction. Whatever, his society may be, he has done unethical deeds and for this, has to face some legislative actions. He was not transparent and unethical. Madoffs case has become one of the invaluable lessons to the students, entrepreneurs, investors and businesspersons regarding the corporate ethics, governance, social responsibility and organizational behaviour (Nytimes.com, 2018). His action was never driven by honesty, courage, justice or temperance. However, at times he showed honesty before his family members when he was already caught by the police for his fraudulent activities. In the light of virtue ethics, Madoff was the failure. At the en d, in the conflict of common or greater good, crude individualism sustained in Madoffs case. Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that details of ethical theories had been discussed in the paper. The report also analyzed the ethical theories and its application in decision-making in the workplace. The five broad theories of ethics are discussed in details. The decision-makers sometimes follow only one particular theory and reject the others. On the other hand, sometimes, they follow two or three theories at the same time, depending on the situation of the workplace and the necessity of an ethical action. The ethical theories that have been discussed in the paper include Deontology, Utilitarianism, Egoism, care Ethics and Virtue Ethics. Any leader follows these ethical theories would be affected by his decisions and actions. On the other hand, the decisions of an ethical leader would directly influence the business operation of the firm. The success of the business operation of any firm would be determined by the ethical actions of the moral agent. When a leader follows the ethical action, he becomes the moral agent of that particular organization. The moral agent needs to be strictly ethical and the ethical action would be initiated by him. The leaders who had already violated the governance ethics and corporate laws have been described in the essay by a detailed description. They did unethical acts and for this, they are caught by the legislation. They could be the examples of unethical actions and future generation could learn from their actions. They could be an example to the future generation in negative ways for not following the ethical rules of the corporate governance and the theories of the ethics. References Albee, E. (2014).A history of Utilitarianism(Vol. 1). Routledge. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(2), 273-291. Bowie, N. E. 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